Power Plant Engineering
Power is the vital thing that determines the nations prosperity. The living standard and national growth depends on the power utilisation of the people of a country. Now a days power consumption is increasing day by day. Every one increases their usage of electrical and electronics good and house hold articles. Hence power shortage occurs almost in all the states invariably. The Government facting the power crises due to these trend change in peoples mind. This situation necessiatates comples to find out other sources of energy other than coal , water, petroleum, etc. and to findout efficient way of producing energy. Thus in this way uranium has occupied the place eloborately. But human harmfulness has been playing a key role to block this development of Nuclear power plants. Now a days government has initiaed to encourage the utilization of Renewable Energy. This is nothing bur the energy that has been contiuiusly available even if the avilable energy has been utilised.
Source of Energy
1. Fuel
2. Energy Stored in Water
3. Nuclear Energy
4. Renewable Energy
a Solar Energy
b. wind Energy
c. Tidal Power
d Ocean Power
e Geopthermal Power
f Thermo electric Power
Fuel
Fuel is anything that produces Heat energy when it burns. Classification of fuels are
1 Solid Fuels 2. Liquid Fuels 3. Gaseous Fuels
Soild Fuels in turn sub divided in to 1. Natural Solid Fuels 2. Prepared Solid Fuels.
1. Natural Solid Fuels - Wood , Peat , Lignite coal , Bituminous coal and anthracit coal.
2. Prepared Fuels. - Charcoal , coke and pulverized coal , Lignite , Bituminuous coal and Anthracite coal.
Soft coal - High percentage volatile matter content coal.
Hard coal - Low percentage volatile matter content coal.
Coal -
The action of pressure and heat on the vegetable matters beneath the soil for a very long years due to which the chemical changes and the physical changes took place on it and it has been converted in to a black hard material is called coal.
coal is segregated mainly as High Grade Coal and Low Grade Coal which represent calorific Value of coal
Calorific Value
It is the amount heat produced when one unit of quantity of fuel is burnt completely. unit of representation is kcal / kg
Gondwana coal field - Bengal,Bihar,M P, Orisa, Andhra and Maharastra
Tertiary coal field - Tamilnadu, Assam, Kashmir and Rajasthan - mostly lignite only (high ash content)
control of coal in India is taken by Coal India Limited.
Mostly in India only Low grade coal and high ash content coal ony largely available.
In india out of total coal production 27% of Power Production taken care of only by coal fuel.
Type of coal - Peat , Lignite or Brown coal , Bituminous Coal , Anthracite , Sub-bituminous coal
Peat - C 60, H 5.8, O 33, ash 1.2 percentage composition and Calorific value - 3500 k.cl/Kg. High moisture content coal.
Lignite(Brown) - C 67 , H 5 , O 20 , ash 8 percentage composition calorific value 5000 K.cal/kg.
Bright Yellow flame and smokey
Bituminous - C 83.5 , H 5, O 5, ash 6.5 percentage composition calorific value 7800 K.cal/kg.
Large amout of voltile material content soft material burns with smokey flame of long yellow color
Anthracite - C - 90 , O - 2 , H - 3 and Ash - 5 percentage composition. - calorific value 8500 K.cal/kg.
Black in color and Burns with short bluish flame with less ash.
Sub-bituminous - It contains 12 % and up to 25 % moisture and black in color with calorific value 4600 k.cal/kg.
Liquid Fuel
Petroleum and its derivatives were considered as liquid Fuels.
Fractional distillation of crude petroleum gives its various variety such as Gasoline, kerosene oil gadlight diesel fuels and residual oil.
Gasoline obtained 30 - 200 .C calorific value 11250 k. cal./kg
Kerosine obtained 150 - 300 .C calorific value 11100 k. cal./kg
Diesel oil obtained 200 - 320 .C calorific value 11000 k. cal./kg
Residue oil obtained 320 - 350 .C calorific value 10350 k. cal./kg
These specification of oil classification index is nothing but its specific gravity of the oil .
API = 141.5 / sp.gravity at 60 . F
Calorific Value
Higher Calorific Value ( H V C )
Lower Calorific Value ( L V C )
Higher Calorific Value or Gross calorific value is the total amount of heat produced when one unit of quantity of fuel is burnt completely and product of combustion cooled down to 15 .C at room temperature.
Lower Calorific Value is the total amount of heat produced when one unit of quantity of fuel is burnt completely and product of combustion allowed to escape without cooling it to 15 .C at room temperature.
Out of various method to find C V Dulong formula gives the relation
H C V = 1 /100 [ 8080 C + 34500 (H- 0/8 } + 2200 S ] k cal. / kg
C H O and S are % of weight of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Sulphur.
Lower calorific value obtained by subtracting the heat carried by the product of cumbustion maily by steam. It is taken as 588.76 k cal / kg of vapour in 1 Kg of fuel burnt.
L C V = [ H C V - 588.76 X W ] k cal. / kg
W is the amount of water vapours formed by the combustion of 1 kg of fuel.
The HIgher Calorific Value at N.T.P of various constituents of fuel is C = 8080 k cal. / kg S = 2200 k cal. / kg H2 = 34500 k cal. / kg CO = 2460 k cal. / kg
Approximate flue gass loss
percentage of net calorific value lost in flue gasses = K1 X (T1 -T2 } / CO2 wher K1 is a constant.
Temperature of Inlet Air = T2 and Temperature of out let gasses = T1 in .F
constant K value for Bituminous coal 0.35 and for Anthracite coal 0.37 for Coke is 0.39 and for Oil is 0.31
CO2 percentage in exit gas at point where temperature T1 measured.
Temperature of Inlet Air = T2 and Temperature of out let gasses = T1 in .C
constant K value for Bituminous coal 0.63 and for Anthracite coal 0.68 for Coke is 0.70 nd for Oil is 0.56
Advantage of Liquid fuel over Solid fuel
1. Handling easy and less storage place only needed
2. Firing easy and max temp. attained in lesser time. Easy buring due to low moistue
3. less ash after buring whereas solid fuel gives out large ash and disposal is tedious task
4. continuous firing is achevied without any difficulties.
5. cobustion is uniform throughout
6. The control of firing is easy and change in load can be easily met.
Disadvantage of Liquid fuel over Solid fuel
1. Costly compared to Soild fuels.
2. special type of burners is needed.
3. Sometime unpleasant odours.
4. There is a danger of explosions.
5. In cold climite stored oil has to be heated to get correct unstop flow of oil.
Power is the vital thing that determines the nations prosperity. The living standard and national growth depends on the power utilisation of the people of a country. Now a days power consumption is increasing day by day. Every one increases their usage of electrical and electronics good and house hold articles. Hence power shortage occurs almost in all the states invariably. The Government facting the power crises due to these trend change in peoples mind. This situation necessiatates comples to find out other sources of energy other than coal , water, petroleum, etc. and to findout efficient way of producing energy. Thus in this way uranium has occupied the place eloborately. But human harmfulness has been playing a key role to block this development of Nuclear power plants. Now a days government has initiaed to encourage the utilization of Renewable Energy. This is nothing bur the energy that has been contiuiusly available even if the avilable energy has been utilised.
Source of Energy
1. Fuel
2. Energy Stored in Water
3. Nuclear Energy
4. Renewable Energy
a Solar Energy
b. wind Energy
c. Tidal Power
d Ocean Power
e Geopthermal Power
f Thermo electric Power
Fuel
Fuel is anything that produces Heat energy when it burns. Classification of fuels are
1 Solid Fuels 2. Liquid Fuels 3. Gaseous Fuels
Soild Fuels in turn sub divided in to 1. Natural Solid Fuels 2. Prepared Solid Fuels.
1. Natural Solid Fuels - Wood , Peat , Lignite coal , Bituminous coal and anthracit coal.
2. Prepared Fuels. - Charcoal , coke and pulverized coal , Lignite , Bituminuous coal and Anthracite coal.
Soft coal - High percentage volatile matter content coal.
Hard coal - Low percentage volatile matter content coal.
Coal -
The action of pressure and heat on the vegetable matters beneath the soil for a very long years due to which the chemical changes and the physical changes took place on it and it has been converted in to a black hard material is called coal.
coal is segregated mainly as High Grade Coal and Low Grade Coal which represent calorific Value of coal
Calorific Value
It is the amount heat produced when one unit of quantity of fuel is burnt completely. unit of representation is kcal / kg
Gondwana coal field - Bengal,Bihar,M P, Orisa, Andhra and Maharastra
Tertiary coal field - Tamilnadu, Assam, Kashmir and Rajasthan - mostly lignite only (high ash content)
control of coal in India is taken by Coal India Limited.
Mostly in India only Low grade coal and high ash content coal ony largely available.
In india out of total coal production 27% of Power Production taken care of only by coal fuel.
Type of coal - Peat , Lignite or Brown coal , Bituminous Coal , Anthracite , Sub-bituminous coal
Peat - C 60, H 5.8, O 33, ash 1.2 percentage composition and Calorific value - 3500 k.cl/Kg. High moisture content coal.
Lignite(Brown) - C 67 , H 5 , O 20 , ash 8 percentage composition calorific value 5000 K.cal/kg.
Bright Yellow flame and smokey
Bituminous - C 83.5 , H 5, O 5, ash 6.5 percentage composition calorific value 7800 K.cal/kg.
Large amout of voltile material content soft material burns with smokey flame of long yellow color
Anthracite - C - 90 , O - 2 , H - 3 and Ash - 5 percentage composition. - calorific value 8500 K.cal/kg.
Black in color and Burns with short bluish flame with less ash.
Sub-bituminous - It contains 12 % and up to 25 % moisture and black in color with calorific value 4600 k.cal/kg.
Liquid Fuel
Petroleum and its derivatives were considered as liquid Fuels.
Fractional distillation of crude petroleum gives its various variety such as Gasoline, kerosene oil gadlight diesel fuels and residual oil.
Gasoline obtained 30 - 200 .C calorific value 11250 k. cal./kg
Kerosine obtained 150 - 300 .C calorific value 11100 k. cal./kg
Diesel oil obtained 200 - 320 .C calorific value 11000 k. cal./kg
Residue oil obtained 320 - 350 .C calorific value 10350 k. cal./kg
These specification of oil classification index is nothing but its specific gravity of the oil .
API = 141.5 / sp.gravity at 60 . F
Calorific Value
Higher Calorific Value ( H V C )
Lower Calorific Value ( L V C )
Higher Calorific Value or Gross calorific value is the total amount of heat produced when one unit of quantity of fuel is burnt completely and product of combustion cooled down to 15 .C at room temperature.
Lower Calorific Value is the total amount of heat produced when one unit of quantity of fuel is burnt completely and product of combustion allowed to escape without cooling it to 15 .C at room temperature.
Out of various method to find C V Dulong formula gives the relation
H C V = 1 /100 [ 8080 C + 34500 (H- 0/8 } + 2200 S ] k cal. / kg
C H O and S are % of weight of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Sulphur.
Lower calorific value obtained by subtracting the heat carried by the product of cumbustion maily by steam. It is taken as 588.76 k cal / kg of vapour in 1 Kg of fuel burnt.
L C V = [ H C V - 588.76 X W ] k cal. / kg
W is the amount of water vapours formed by the combustion of 1 kg of fuel.
The HIgher Calorific Value at N.T.P of various constituents of fuel is C = 8080 k cal. / kg S = 2200 k cal. / kg H2 = 34500 k cal. / kg CO = 2460 k cal. / kg
Approximate flue gass loss
percentage of net calorific value lost in flue gasses = K1 X (T1 -T2 } / CO2 wher K1 is a constant.
Temperature of Inlet Air = T2 and Temperature of out let gasses = T1 in .F
constant K value for Bituminous coal 0.35 and for Anthracite coal 0.37 for Coke is 0.39 and for Oil is 0.31
CO2 percentage in exit gas at point where temperature T1 measured.
Temperature of Inlet Air = T2 and Temperature of out let gasses = T1 in .C
constant K value for Bituminous coal 0.63 and for Anthracite coal 0.68 for Coke is 0.70 nd for Oil is 0.56
Advantage of Liquid fuel over Solid fuel
1. Handling easy and less storage place only needed
2. Firing easy and max temp. attained in lesser time. Easy buring due to low moistue
3. less ash after buring whereas solid fuel gives out large ash and disposal is tedious task
4. continuous firing is achevied without any difficulties.
5. cobustion is uniform throughout
6. The control of firing is easy and change in load can be easily met.
Disadvantage of Liquid fuel over Solid fuel
1. Costly compared to Soild fuels.
2. special type of burners is needed.
3. Sometime unpleasant odours.
4. There is a danger of explosions.
5. In cold climite stored oil has to be heated to get correct unstop flow of oil.